Why Do We Fall
Every year more than two million Americans fall and sustain serious injury,
costing in excess of $3 billion dollars. Hidden costs include pain, disability,
lawsuits, deterioration in general well-being, and the impact on other family
members. Falls and the resulting injuries have become one of the elderly's
most serious health issues. As our senior population continues to grow, falls
and their consequences
will increase in the future.
Causes
The accumulation of injuries throughout life change or damage the central nervous
system (CNS) and the body as a whole, and our bodies deteriorate through
inactivity. Vision diminishes with advancing age, and this directly effects
the sensory systems involved with movement. The sensory cells in the ears'
balance system change, gradually decrease and cannot be replaced. The nerves
that carry sensory information to the brain from the muscles, joints and
skin can also deteriorate with age, and the complex brain interconnections
lose connecting fibers and nerve cells. The ability of nerve endings to generate
the chemicals responsible for the transmission of information also seem to
be affected by aging. This process accelerates after the age of 50.
Many diseases affect the CNS and sense organs. Hardening of the arteries (atherosclerosis)
is probably the worst; it is accelerated by hypertension, smoking, and diabetes.
Although it gradually increases during middle age, there is a point at which
a slight additional decrease in blood flow causes serious vascular impairment
such as a stroke.
Head injuries, sometimes caused by falls, can damage the sense organs in the
inner ears, or the brain itself. The worst disability occurs when both sense
organs and CNS structures are damaged simultaneously. Physical activity is
very important for recovery from injury to the sensory systems. The general
debility of aging can negatively affect recovery if it results in a decreased
level of activity.
Diseases of the eyes, such as glaucoma and cataracts, decrease visual sensory
function and are a common problem in old age. Injuries to the knees, hips,
and back often do not completely heal, leaving some limitation of motion. Arthritis
can cause permanent crippling, nonreversible effects. Osteoporosis leads to
bone weakness and increases the probability of serious injury from a fall,
or might cause a spontaneous fracture and lead to a fall. Muscle strength gradually
decreases with age. Joint tendons and ligaments lose their flexibility and
limit motion. The combined ravages of bone and joint injury, arthritis, and
inactivity can result in a body which cannot carry out motion commands initiated
by the brain.
Prevention
As many of the problems responsible for falling develop during early and middle
age, initial efforts to prevent injuries must be aimed at younger age groups.
Many of the changes in muscle, bone and the central nervous system are not
inevitable results of aging, but are brought on by inactive lifestyles and
self-inflicted damage from smoking, poor diet, and lack of exercise. Although
hardening of the arteries is occasionally hereditary, in most cases it can
be reduced by diets low in cholesterol and saturated fatty acids, as well as
regular physical exercise. This stimulates the muscles as well as the cardiovascular
system and could greatly reduce this problem. If there is a family history
of hardening of the arteries, medications to lower cholesterol are available.
Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus and hypertension can make
a difference in the progression of arthrosclerosis. Smoking cessation might
also help reduce this disorder.
Many of the medications used to treat hypertension, heart disease, allergy,
insomnia, stomach acidity, and depression have side effects which influence
brain function and can increase the likelihood of falling. In this time of
specialization it is possible for one patient to receive prescriptions from
several physicians that might have additive side effects on brain and sensory
function. Patients should keep a complete list of all their medications and
dosages, and make this list available to each physician they consult. Coordination
of all medications through a single primary care physician would help avoid
adverse drug reactions. Many pharmacies use computer systems to warn the pharmacist
about potential drug interactions. This requires that the patient purchase
all medications from the same pharmacy or list all medications with each pharmacy.
Unfortunately some over-the-counter medications such as antihistamines, sleeping
medications, analgesics, and cough suppressants can add to the side effects
of prescription medications. Alcohol also affects movement and judgement and
adversely interacts with many medications.
Prevention Tips:
Health
Have your vision and hearing checked regularly. If your vision and hearing
are impaired, you may lose important cues that help you maintain your balance.
Get up slowly. A momentary drop in blood pressure, due to drugs or aging, can
cause dizziness if you stand up too quickly.
Maintain balance and footing. If you sometimes feel dizzy, use a cane or walker
to help you to keep your balance on uneven ground or slippery surfaces. Wear
sturdy, low-heeled shoes with wide, nonslip soles.
Exercise regularly. Regular exercise improves your strength, muscle tone, and
coordination. This can not only help prevent falls, it can reduce the severity
of injury if you do fall. Walking is a good form of exercise.
Home
Remove raised doorway thresholds in all rooms. Rearrange furniture, if necessary,
to keep electrical cords and furniture out of walking paths. Fasten area carpets
to the floor with tape or tacks, and don't use throw rugs.
Don't use difficult to reach shelves. Never stand on a chair. Use nonskid floor
wax and wipe up spills immediately.
Be sure stairways are well lighted and have sturdy hand rails. If you have
a vision problem apply brightly colored tape to the first and last steps.
Install grab handles and nonskid mats inside and just outside your shower and
tub, and near the toilet. Shower chairs and bath benches minimize the risk
of falling.
Put a light switch by the bedroom door and by your bed so you don't have to
walk across the room to turn on a light. Night lights in your bedrooms, halls,
and bathrooms are a good idea.
Rehabilitation
What about patients who have already fallen? Although rehabilitation is not
perfected, much can be done.
The first task is a thorough and complete evaluation of the patient's sensory,
CNS, and muscle/joint function.
A careful evaluation of the balance function should be performed. This includes
a search for causes of dizziness, such as inner ear diseases that cause imbalance:
an evaluation of the inner ear balance system which might be adversely affected
by certain drugs (such as a class of antibiotics known as aminoglycosides);
trauma; and the aging process.
Tests of higher mental function are important since falling may be a sign of
serious mental deterioration.
A careful review of all medications (both prescription and over-the-counter)
used by the patient is very important. If the patient needs medication for
anxiety or depression, switching from a long-acting drug to one which is more
quickly passed from the body seems to decrease the risk of falling.
All correctable problems should be treated. Visual correction with proper eyeglasses,
improvement of hearing by hearing aids, adjustment or elimination of medications,
and correction of hypertension or any other disease that could impair balance
must be accomplished.
Rehabilitation includes increasing the range of motion as well as physical
strength. A very important part of rehabilitation is helping patients overcome
their fear of falling and thus avoid further injury. Walkers and canes can
aid stability, and adaptations in the home are important. Simple changes such
as installing hand holds in bathrooms or along walls could decrease the likelihood
of falling and increase patient confidence. Removing the patient from a familiar
environment, or drastically changing it, often hampers recovery
As soon as possible, rehabilitation should be moved to an outpatient setting
with participation of family members and home support groups. Rapid return
to physical activity and social interaction with family and community can often
stop the vicious spiral into inactivity, reclusiveness, and progressive deterioration.
If you have further questions about Problems with Falling, please feel free
to contact our office.
Meniere's Disease
Dizziness & Motion
Sickness
Why Do We Fall
Earwax Buildup
Ears, Altitude & Airplanes
Cochlear Implants
Ear Aches
Cholesteatoma
Perforated Eardrum
Swimmer's Ear
